China to Build World’s Largest Hydropower Dam in Tibet
China has approved plans for the world’s largest hydropower dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, capable of generating three times more energy than the current record-holder, the Three Gorges Dam. The project has drawn sharp criticism over potential environmental impacts and displacement of Tibetan communities, as well as geopolitical concerns for downstream nations like India and Bangladesh.
A Renewable Energy Marvel or Controversial Undertaking?
Chinese state media lauds the dam as a significant step toward Beijing’s climate neutrality goals. Officials have described it as a “safe project” that will enhance local prosperity while safeguarding the ecosystem. However, human rights groups and environmental activists warn of massive displacement and severe ecological impacts on the Tibetan Plateau, a region rich in biodiversity.
The dam, first announced in 2020, will require the construction of four 20km-long tunnels through the Namcha Barwa mountain, potentially diverting the flow of the Yarlung Tsangpo. Although Beijing claims minimal environmental disruption, the scale of the project—estimated at ¥1 trillion ($127bn)—and the resettlement required evoke comparisons to the Three Gorges Dam, which displaced 1.4 million people.
Geopolitical Ripples: India and Bangladesh on High Alert
The Yarlung Tsangpo flows into India as the Brahmaputra River and continues to Bangladesh. Experts warn that China’s control over this transboundary river could serve as a “chokehold” on India’s economy, according to a report by the Lowy Institute.
India has responded with plans for its own large hydropower dam on the Brahmaputra to mitigate potential adverse impacts. Bangladesh, reliant on the river for agriculture and fisheries, has also raised concerns over reduced water flow and sedimentation caused by upstream activity.
Engineering and Environmental Risks
The dam’s location on an earthquake-prone tectonic plate boundary presents significant engineering challenges. Researchers have flagged risks such as earthquake-induced landslides and mudslides that could threaten the project’s stability and safety.
Chinese officials acknowledge the risks but highlight the river’s unparalleled hydropower potential, with a 2,000m drop over a 50km stretch providing a tremendous energy source.
Key Concerns Raised by Activists
- Displacement: Communities in Tibet face relocation, echoing concerns from past projects where locals reported inadequate compensation.
- Cultural Loss: Ancient monasteries and relics are at risk of submersion, a sore point in Tibet, where cultural preservation remains a pressing issue.
- Ecological Impact: Critics fear irreversible damage to fragile ecosystems, including disrupted fish migration and loss of biodiversity.
China’s Broader Hydropower Strategy
The Yarlung Tsangpo project aligns with China’s broader goal to harness the power of the Tibetan Plateau for renewable energy. While this dam is the most ambitious to date, Beijing has already completed multiple hydropower stations along the river over the past decade.
Despite the environmental and geopolitical concerns, the project underscores China’s determination to position itself as a leader in renewable energy development.
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